Chulalongkorn University architecture researchers have published design guidelines for schools to reduce casualties from active shooter or terrorist incidents. The approach emphasizes delaying attackers through perimeter design (difficult fencing, landscaping obstacles) and interior safety systems—both active (emergency exits, rappel ropes, lockable rooms) and passive (double walls, ceiling hideouts, zigzag corridors to obstruct sightlines). The team also recommends embedding active-shooter drills into school curricula alongside fire drills and implementing mental health safeguards against bullying.